TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. Introduction	Paragraph Number
§1. INTERNATIONAL SALES AND THE CISG
I. The Law of Sales Under National Law.
A. Sales Law as Contract Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      1
B. National Sales Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      2
II. International Sales Law: the CISG	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      3
III. Convention Preamble: Objectives of Signatory States	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      4
IV. Entry Into Force: Initial Ratifications	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      5
V. Subsequent Ratifications	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      6
VI. Major Significance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      7
§2. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE HAGUE SALES
CONVENTIONS AND THE CONFLICT OF LAWS
I. Purely National Sale Subject to Local Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .      9
II. International Sale: Problem of Selecting Applicable Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     10
III. Pre-CISG: Choosing the Applicable Law
A. Limited Acceptance of ULIS/ULF	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     11
B. Forum Courts Apply Choice-of-Law Rules	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     12
C. Forum Must Choose Applicable National Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     13
D. Forum Applies 1955 Hague Choice of Law Convention	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     14
IV. After 1 January 1988: New CISG Regime Applies	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     15
Chapter 2. Convention Overview
§1. CONVENTION CONSISTS OF 101 ARTICLES: PARTS I - IV	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     18
§2. PART I: SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS
I. Sphere of Application	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     19
A. Main Rules of Application	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     20
1. Parties in Different Contracting States	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     21
2. Convention Applies by Virtue of Private International Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     22
B. Contracts for the Sales of Goods	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     23
C. Validity Issues and Third Party Rights Excluded	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     24
D. Product Liability	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     25
E. CISG and Contractual Freedom	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     26
II. General Provisions
A. Interpretation	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     27
B. Usages of International Trade	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     28
§3. PARTS II AND III: STATES MAY RATIFY ONE OR BOTH	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     29
§4. PART II: FORMATION OF CONTRACT
I. Offer and Acceptance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     30
II. CISG Offer: Requirement of Definiteness	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     31
III. Revocable Versus Irrevocable Offers	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     32
IV. Acceptance As Indication of Offeree's Assent	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     33
V. Mirror Image Rule and Battle of Forms	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     34
§5. SALES OF GOODS: CISG PART III	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     35
I. Obligations, Rights and Remedies	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     36
II. Part III Provisions: Chapters I - V	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     37
III. Obligations of the Parties
A. Obligations of the Seller	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     38
B. Obligations of the Buyer	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     39
IV. Remedies
A. Supplementary Remedial Regime	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     40
B. Enforceable Contracts and Remedies for Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     41
C. Three Basic Forms of Remedial Relief	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     42
D. Relationship Among Remedies	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     43
E. Specific Performance as Primary Convention Remedy	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     44
F. Monetary Compensation as Primary Remedy in Practice	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     45
G. Avoidance and the Right to Terminate	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     46
V. Passing of Risk	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     47
VI. Anticipatory Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     48
§6. FINAL PROVISIONS: DECLARATIONS, ETC.	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     49
§7. OVERVIEW OF CHAPTERS 3-6	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     50
Chapter 3. Convention Scope and General Provisions
§ 1. SPHERE OF APPLICATION	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     51
I. Convention Application Under Article 1	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     52
A. Places of Business in Different Contracting States	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     53
B. Convention Application By Private International Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     54
C. Article 95 Declaration	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     55
D. Parties in Different States: Disregarded in Exceptional Cases	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     56
E. Irrelevant Factors: Nationality, Civil-Commercial	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     57
II. Transactions Excluded From Convention Scope	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     58
A. Certain Sale-Types Excluded: Consumer Sales	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     59
B. Additional Exclusions	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     60
C. Contract of Sale vs. Contract for Services	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     61
D. Excluded Matters: Validity, Property and Delict	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     62
1. Convention Not Concerned With Contractual Validity	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     63
2. Convention Not Concerned With Property in Goods	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     64
3. Delictual Obligations Not Governed by CISG	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     65
E. Product Liability	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     66
1. Liability for Death or Personal Injury	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     67
2. Damage to Buyer's Property Distinguished	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     68
3. Competition Between Convention and National Delictual Rules	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     69
III. Freedom of Contract: Convention as Supplementary Regime	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     70
A. Contracting Out	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     71
B. Contracting In	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     73
§2. GENERAL PROVISIONS	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     74
I. Convention Interpretation: Uniformity and Good Faith	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     75
II. Convention Interpretation: Matters Governed But Not Settled	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     78
III. Interpretation of Statements By Parties	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     81
A. Subject Matter of Article 8: Statements and Conduct	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     82
B. Subjective and Objective Tests	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     84
C. Due Consideration to All Relevant Circumstances	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     85
D. Common Law Parol Evidence Rule and Article 8	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     86
IV. Commercial Custom and Usage	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     87
A. Express Agreement and Inter-Partes Course of Dealing	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     88
B. Implied Incorporation of Commercial Usage	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     89
V. Place of Business: Rules for Exceptional Cases	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     91
VI. No Writing Requirement for CISG Contract	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     92
A. Relation to Formal Requirements Under Domestic Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     93
B. Declarations in Derogation of Article 11	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     94
VII. Definition of 'Writing'	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     97
Chapter 4. Sales Contract Formation	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     99
§1. THE OFFER
I. Minimum Requirements	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     100
A. Offer Addressed to Specific Persons	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     101
B. Requirement of Definiteness; Problem of Price-Gap	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     102
C. Invitation to Make Offers Distinguished	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     103
II. Time Offer Takes Effect; Right to Withdraw	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     104
III. Offeror's Right to Revoke	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     105
A. Revocability is General Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     106
B. Modification: Offer Indicating Irrevocability	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     107
C. Offer Fixing Time for Acceptance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     108
D. Modification: Action in Reliance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     109
IV. Effect of Rejection	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     110
§2. ACCEPTANCE UNDER ARTICLES 18-22	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     111
I. Acceptance: Indication of Assent	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     112
II. Time Acceptance Takes Effect
A. When Assent Reaches Offeror	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     114
B. Receipt Theory	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     1151
C. Acceptance Within Time Fixed or Reasonable Time	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     116
D. Assent By Performance of Act	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     117
III. Mirror Image and Battle of Forms
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     118
B. Non-Matching Reply is Rejection and Counter-Offer	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     119
C. Independent Communication Not Rejection	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     120
D. Limited Exception to Mirror-Image Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     121
E. The Battle of Forms
1. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     122
2. Materiality Test	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     123
3. Materiality Defined	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     124
4. Cases Not Resolved By Article 19	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     125
IV. Time Period for Acceptance: Default Rules	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     126
V. Official Holidays, Etc.	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     127
VI. Exceptions to Timely Acceptance Rule
A. The Rule and the Exceptions	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     128
B. Notification by Offeror Accepting Late Acceptance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     129
C. Acceptance Timely in Normal Circumstances	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     130
VII. Withdrawal of Acceptance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     131
§3. ACCEPTANCE EFFECTIVE; CONTRACT CONCLUDED	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     132
§4. DECLARATION OF INTENTION: DEFINITION OF 'REACH'	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     133
Chapter 5. Obligations, Risk and Remedies
§1. SALE OF GOODS: FIVE CHAPTERS IN CISG PART III	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     134
§2. GENERAL PROVISIONS
I. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     135
II. Avoidance and Fundamental Breach
A. Fundamental Breach Defined	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     136
B. Substantial Detriment	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     137
C. When Avoidance Declaration Effective	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     138
III. Delay or Error in Transmission	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     139
IV. Specific Performance
A. Specific Performance and Forum Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     140
B. Award of Specific Performance: 2-Step Process	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     141
V. Modification and Termination Scope
A. No Formal Requirements	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     142
B. Relationship to Consideration Under Common Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     144
C. Contract Requiring Written Modification or Termination	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     146
§3. OBLIGATIONS OF THE SELLER AND BUYER'S REMEDIES FOR BREACH
I. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     147
II. Summary of Seller's Obligations	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     148
III. Delivery of the Goods and Handing Over of Documents
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     150
B. Place of Delivery
1. Gap-Filling Rules	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     151
2. INCOTERMS	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     152
3. Contracts of Carriage: Delivery to First Carrier	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     153
4. Cases Not Involving Carriage	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     155
5. Notice of Consignment	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     157
C. Time of Delivery	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     158
D. Contracts of Carriage: Documents	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     159
IV. Conformity of the Goods and Third Party Claims	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     160
A. Conformity of the Goods	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     161
B. Distinction Between Contractual and Delictual Claims	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     162
C. Conformity With Express Contractual Requirements	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     163
D. Supplementary Convention Obligations
1. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     164
2. Fitness for General Purposes	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     165
3. Fitness for Particular Purposes	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     166
4. Conditions and Warranties Under National Law Distinguished	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     168
5. Sample or Model; Packaging	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     169
E. Seller's Knowledge of Defect Irrelevant	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     170
F. Caveat Emptor and Inspection of Goods	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     171
G. Disclaimer and Limitation of Liability
1. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     172
2. Incorporation of Disclaimer	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     173
3. Interpretation of Disclaimer	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     174
4. Validity of Disclaimer	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     175
5. Application of National Rules	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     176
6. Validity vs. Substance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     177
7. Convention as Validity 'Yardstick'	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     178
H. Time of Conformity Determination
1. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     179
2. The General Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     180
3. Modifications: Seller's Breach or Guarantee	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     181
I. Seller's Right to 'Cure' Defects
1. Cure in Context	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     182
2. Relationship to Avoidance and Fundamental Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     183
J. Notice of Non-Conformity Required	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     185
K. Examination of Goods
1. Timely Examination	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     186
2. Nature of Examination	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     187
3. Contract of Carriage: Examination Deferred	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     188
L. Consequences of Failure to Notify
1. The General Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     189
2. Discoverable Defects	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     190
3. Latent Defects Under Article 39(1)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     191
M. Absolute (2-Year) Cut-Off Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     192
N. Application of 2-Year Rule to Latent Defects	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     193
O. Express Contractual Cut-Offs and Periods of Guarantee	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     194
P. Relation to Prescription Convention, Statutes of Limitation	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     195
Q. Seller Aware of Defect	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     196
R. Obligation to Deliver Goods Free of Third Party Claims
1. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     197
2. Third Party Rights Distinguished	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     199
3. Claims Based on Industrial or Intellectual Property	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     200
4. Seller's Knowledge of Third Party Right or Claim	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     202
5. Buyer's Risk	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     203
6. Consequences of Failure to Notify	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     204
7. Seller Aware of Third Party Right or Claim	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     205
S. Excuse for Failure to Notify of Section II Breach
1. Nature of the Exception	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     206
2. Reasonable Excuse	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     207
V. Remedies for Breach of Contract by the Seller
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     208
B. Performance, Avoidance and Damages for Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     209
C. No-Fault Liability Based on Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     210
D. Relationship Among Remedies	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     211
E. No Grace Period in CISG Context	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     212
F. Specific Performance
1. Right to Require (Specific) Performance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     213
2. Specific Performance and the Duty to Mitigate Damages	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     214
3. Specific Performance Limited by Forum Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     215
4. Require Delivery of Substitute Goods	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     216
5. Right to Demand Redelivery Limited by Forum Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     217
6. Require Remedy of Lack of Conformity (Cure)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     218
G. Nachfrist Warning: Fixing an Additional Performance Period	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     219
H. Seller's Right to Cure After the Delivery Date
1. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     220
2. Relation Between Cure and Avoidance Under Article 49	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     222
3. Proposals and Notice by Seller Regarding Cure	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     223
I. Buyer's Right to Avoid for Seller's Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     224
1. Avoidance for Fundamental Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     225
2. Declaration of Avoidance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     226
3. Relationship to Cure; Avoidance as to Part	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     227
4. Avoidance for Non-Compliance with Nachfrist Notice	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     228
5. Limitations Regarding Goods Delivered	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     229
6. Consequences of Avoidance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     230
J. Proportionate Reduction in Price	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     231
K. Partial Non-Conformity and Remedies for Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     232
L. Avoidance: in Part or in Full	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     233
M. Delivery Before the Date Fixed	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     234
N. Delivery of Excess Quantity	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     235
§4. OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER AND SELLER'S REMEDIES FOR BREACH 99
I. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     236
II. Summary of Buyer's Obligations	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     237
III. Payment of the Price
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     238
B. Steps to Enable Payment of the Price	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     239
C. Contract With 'Open' Price Term	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     240
D. Price Fixed by Weight	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     241
E. Place of Payment	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     242
F. Time of Payment	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     243
G. Contracts Involving Carriage	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     245
H. Buyer's Right to Inspect Before Payment	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     247
I. Payment Due Without Request or Formality	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     248
IV. Taking Delivery	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     249
V. Remedies for Breach of Contract by the Buyer
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     250
B. Performance, Avoidance and Damages for Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     251
C. No-Fault Liability Based on Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     252
D. Relationship Among Remedies	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     253
E. No Grace Period in CISG Context	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     254
F. Specific Performance
1. Right to Require (Specific) Performance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     255
2. Other Convention Limitations	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     256
3. Specific Performance Limited by Forum Law	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     257
G. Nachfrist Warning: Fixing an Additional Performance Period	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     258
H. Avoidance
1. Seller's Right to Avoid for Buyer's Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     259
2. Declaration of Avoidance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     260
3. Avoidance for Non-Compliance with Nachfrist Notice	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     261
4. Limitations Regarding Goods Delivered	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     262
5. Consequences of Avoidance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     263
I. Seller's Right to Supply Specifications	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     264
§5. PASSING OF RISK
I. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     265
II. Legal Effect of the Passing of Risk	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     266
III. Use of Trade Terms (C.I.E, C. & F, Eo.B., Ea.S., C.P.T., C.I.P., etc.)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     267
IV. Contracts Involving Carriage: the CISG Gap-Filling Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     269
V. Goods Not Identified to the Contract	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     271
VI. Goods Sold in Transit	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     272
VII. Passage of Risk in Other (Non-Carrier) Cases	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     273
VIII. Buyer to Take Goods at Seller's Place of Business (Ex Works)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     274
IX. Buyer to Take Goods at Another Place	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     275
X. Identification Required	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     276
XI. Seller's Fundamental Breach: Affect on Risk	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     277
§6. PROVISIONS COMMON TO THE PARTIES' OBLIGATIONS
I. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     278
II. Anticipatory Breach and Instalment Contracts
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     279
B. Right to Suspend Performance: Generally	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     280
C. Goods Dispatched: Stoppage in Transit	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     281
D. Adequate Assurance of Performance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     282
E. Right to Avoid for Prospective Fundamental Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     283
F. Damages for Prospective Fundamental Breach?	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     284
G. Adequate Assurance of Performance	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     285
H. Instalment Contracts: Avoidance for Fundamental Breach	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     286
III. Damages for Breach
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     287
B. CISG Liability: Basis, Extent and Exemptions	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     288
C. Expectation Protection: the General Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     289
D. Foreseeability as a Limitation	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     290
E. The Contact/Cover Differential	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     291
F. No Cover if Seller's Supply Exceeds Demand	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     292
G. The Contract/Market Differential	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     293
H. Mitigation: No Recovery for Avoidable Loss	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     294
I. Interest	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     296
J. Liability Exemptions for Failure to Perform
1. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . .     298
2. Freedom of Contract and the Gap-Filling Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     299
3. Requirements for Exemption and the Burden of Proof	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     300
4. Non-Performance Due to Failure of 'Third Person'	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     304
5. Duration of Exemption	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     305
6. Notice of Impediment	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     306
7. Exemption Applies Only as Regards Damages	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     307
8. Non-Performance Caused by Other Party	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     308
IV. Effects of Avoidance
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     309
B. Release from Obligation	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     310
C. Damages for Breach, Arbitration Clauses, Etc.	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     311
D. Restitution	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     312
E. Buyer's Obligation to Return Goods in Condition Received	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     313
F. Exceptions to the Return-of-Goods Rule	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     314
G. Retention of Other Remedies Notwithstanding	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     318
H. Accounting for Interest and Other Benefits Received	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     319
V. Preservation of the Goods
A. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     320
B. Seller's Duty to Preserve Goods on Buyer's Behalf	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     321
C. Buyer's Duty to Preserve Goods on Seller's Behalf	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     322
D. Deposit in Warehouse; Sale of Goods Preserved	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     323
Chapter 6. Final Convention Provisions
§1. OVERVIEW	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     324
§2. SIGNATURE, RATIFICATION, ENTRY INTO FORCE	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     325
§3. RELATIONSHIP TO 1955 HAGUE CONVENTION	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     326
§4. RESERVATIONS
I. Introduction	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     327
II. Article 92 Declarations	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     328
III. Contracting States with Territorial Units	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     329
IV. States Having Closely Related Legal Rules	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     330
V. 'Private International Law' and Article 1(1)(b)	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     331
VI. Preservation of Formal Requirements	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     332
§5. RELATIONSHIP TO ULF/ULIS	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     333
§6. CONTRACT FORMATION: ENTRY INTO FORCE	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     334
§7. SIX AUTHENTIC TEXTS	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .     335